They took into consideration tides, the phase of the moon for nighttime operations, wind, waves, rain, and even fog, integrating all factors into the plan for the amphibious assault. Planners for the operation left absolutely nothing to chance.
In subsequent years, military environmental forecasts have evolved to become much more tightly involved in planning processes.ĭuring the planning for Operation Overlord, the allied invasion of Normandy in World War II, forecasts of environmental factors made prior to operational execution played vital roles in ultimate success on D-Day. The fog was an unpredicted, serendipitous event, one that Washington utilized to his advantage on the spot. Outnumbered and outgunned by the British, fog allowed Washington to move roughly 9,000 of his Continental Army troops across the East River-a move that many historians claim set the stage for victory over the British, as had fog not emerged and had Washington not used it as a cloak, the British would have destroyed his army.
This happened famously during the Revolutionary War when George Washington moved much of his army across the East River under cover of fog after the Battle of Brooklyn (also called the Battle of Long Island). Historically, weather events have played key roles in outcomes of battles and entire campaigns.
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